在日本太平洋岸發(fā)生強(qiáng)烈地震和海嘯的兩年后，許多人至今仍努力重建家園。 2011年3月11日，這場(chǎng)具毀滅性的海嘯和地震造成近19,000人死亡，橫掃許多沿海村莊。兩年過(guò)去了，有太多的人仍然住在臨時(shí)安置所，靠近福島的村莊因接近核災(zāi)導(dǎo)致輻射的威脅，目前還在努力重建中，而在許多偏遠(yuǎn)小漁村的居民在海嘯發(fā)生前原本就已經(jīng)濟(jì)困難，而今面對(duì)未來(lái)的不確定性更不知何去何從。 從最近在Atlantic網(wǎng)站發(fā)布的2011年4月與2013年3月兩年前后的照片，可看到幾乎所有的廢墟已被移除或整理過(guò)。你可以說(shuō)這是典型日本人的效率，或者說(shuō)是善于表面的偽裝。 同時(shí)，日本的重建工作可說(shuō)是原地踏步，飽受一些有能力改變現(xiàn)有規(guī)則與條例卻未善加運(yùn)用的政府、機(jī)構(gòu)等單位欠缺彈性與施政魄力的困擾。 當(dāng)然，打破常規(guī)，從來(lái)就不是日本的專長(zhǎng)。 今年稍早在日本外國(guó)記者協(xié)會(huì)舉行的新聞發(fā)布會(huì)上，巖手縣陸前高田市市長(zhǎng)戶羽太強(qiáng)調(diào)，“坦白說(shuō)，兩年了，這個(gè)城市的重建工作還是沒(méi)什么進(jìn)展。”陸前高田市受海嘯重創(chuàng)后，有1,556人死亡，其中包括市長(zhǎng)自己的妻子，此外，還有218人一直沒(méi)找到?？傊?，該市7%的人就此消失了。 然而，戶羽太指出，政府的繁文縟節(jié)、行政機(jī)構(gòu)的官僚體系以及欠缺領(lǐng)導(dǎo)魄力，無(wú)法跳脫現(xiàn)有法令規(guī)定來(lái)思考與因應(yīng)這場(chǎng)千年風(fēng)暴，使得陸前高田市的重建工作進(jìn)度緩慢。 兩年了，戶羽太說(shuō)，“一堆堆的瓦礫隨處可見(jiàn)，而受創(chuàng)的一些公共設(shè)施也還沒(méi)法使用?！标懬案咛锸械那闆r特別嚴(yán)重，因?yàn)檫@個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)就位于地遠(yuǎn)偏僻之處，經(jīng)濟(jì)與財(cái)政基礎(chǔ)薄弱，而一小部份的人口都是老人。 雖然種種原因延緩了陸前高田市的重建進(jìn)度，但戶羽太強(qiáng)調(diào)，“政府官僚的思考與執(zhí)行方式更是難辭其咎”。 戶羽太回憶在強(qiáng)震與海嘯襲擊這個(gè)城市的幾個(gè)月后。 “當(dāng)時(shí)整座城市沒(méi)有一家超市幸存，連讓居民買瓶水的零售店都沒(méi)有，更別說(shuō)是食品了，”但這項(xiàng)急需超市的重建計(jì)劃卻被主管單位駁回了，戶羽太說(shuō)，理由是該地區(qū)在災(zāi)前已被劃為農(nóng)業(yè)用途。 本文授權(quán)編譯自EE Times，版權(quán)所有，謝絕轉(zhuǎn)載 第2頁(yè)：愚昧的重建機(jī)構(gòu) 第3頁(yè)：土地是誰(shuí)的？

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{pagination} 愚昧的重建機(jī)構(gòu) 為了監(jiān)督在大規(guī)模地震、海嘯與核災(zāi)遭受重創(chuàng)地區(qū)的重建工作，日本在一年前成立了一個(gè)新的機(jī)構(gòu)──復(fù)興廳。該機(jī)構(gòu)負(fù)責(zé)指導(dǎo)并協(xié)調(diào)相關(guān)政府機(jī)構(gòu)的長(zhǎng)期復(fù)蘇工作計(jì)劃。 一開(kāi)始大家對(duì)于這個(gè)新機(jī)構(gòu)的預(yù)期頗高。戶羽太說(shuō)，在新機(jī)構(gòu)成立前，如果為這個(gè)城市的未來(lái)作好了計(jì)劃，就得面對(duì)一大堆的官僚機(jī)構(gòu)?！叭绻矣幸粋€(gè)與學(xué)校重建相 關(guān)的問(wèn)題，我必須去找文部科學(xué)??；如果我的問(wèn)題跟處理瓦礫有關(guān)，就必須去找環(huán)境省。這太麻煩了。因此，他們對(duì)告訴我們可以去找重建機(jī)構(gòu)全權(quán)負(fù)責(zé)，它能提供一站式服務(wù)，協(xié)助像我們這樣的地區(qū)政府快速找到解決方案?！? 然而，在現(xiàn)實(shí)中，“復(fù)興廳所做的沒(méi)有一件事能讓我們的生活更輕松，”市長(zhǎng)直言不諱地說(shuō)，“現(xiàn)在只能說(shuō)是多了一個(gè)必須跑公文的政府機(jī)構(gòu)?！? 而且更糟的是，復(fù)興廳中似乎沒(méi)有人愿意勇敢地抵抗其它政府機(jī)關(guān)，更別說(shuō)是為陸前高田市爭(zhēng)取權(quán)益了?！皬?fù)興廳常派人到陸前高田市來(lái)進(jìn)行視察，但居然還告訴我們說(shuō)我們的要求不合理，”他解釋，“復(fù)興廳的任務(wù)似乎變成了說(shuō)服我們打消念頭，而不是說(shuō)服其它政府機(jī)構(gòu)做好他們的工作?！?

foaesmc

本文授權(quán)編譯自EE Times，版權(quán)所有，謝絕轉(zhuǎn)載 第3頁(yè)：土地是誰(shuí)的？

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• 日本震后一年：LCD面板產(chǎn)業(yè)顯露韌性
• 你的供應(yīng)鏈準(zhǔn)備好接受挑戰(zhàn)了嗎？foaesmc

{pagination} 土地是誰(shuí)的？ 東北許多受創(chuàng)城鎮(zhèn)面臨的另一個(gè)大問(wèn)題就是缺少土地的所有權(quán)。由于太多人在災(zāi)難中喪生，許多土地所有權(quán)的歸屬仍無(wú)法確定。這讓任何企業(yè)與個(gè)人幾乎無(wú)法取得能夠繼續(xù)前進(jìn)以及打造建筑物所需的空間。 “現(xiàn)在該是為所有權(quán)是未知的土地使用建立新的法規(guī)豁免的時(shí)候了，”這是制作一個(gè)新的土地使用法律的某些的，他補(bǔ)充說(shuō)。 雖然某些沿海地區(qū)較危險(xiǎn)，不適于建造房屋，但在較高處的重建進(jìn)度也落后──部份原因在于山區(qū)夷平的成本，以及幽靈地主的問(wèn)題。 戶羽太還提到另一件傷害陸前高田市許多城鎮(zhèn)的事情：對(duì)于每個(gè)當(dāng)?shù)卣闹亟ɑ鹗褂檬芟?。重建基金的用途由?lián)邦政府建立，讓我們只能針對(duì)選項(xiàng)中的特定項(xiàng)目才能用這筆錢，市長(zhǎng)解釋說(shuō)。 “我們的城市幾乎被完全摧毀了，我們有沒(méi)有圖書(shū)館、沒(méi)有體育館、沒(méi)有博物館，也沒(méi)有游泳池。在重建基金項(xiàng)目中，也沒(méi)有任何有關(guān)教育與社交聚會(huì)的設(shè)施。它讓我們完全沒(méi)法把這筆錢利用在我們認(rèn)為經(jīng)濟(jì)復(fù)蘇所需要的目上?！? 當(dāng)日本遭受地震沖擊后，日本人迅速再站起來(lái)的堅(jiān)毅精神與意志力，以及用最有秩序的方式向前邁進(jìn)的態(tài)度，曾經(jīng)獲得了世界各地的掌聲贊揚(yáng)。然而，兩年來(lái)，種種的 跡象讓我懷疑這個(gè)國(guó)家能否很快的完全恢復(fù)。雖然我明白，這場(chǎng)重大災(zāi)難的嚴(yán)重性需要多一點(diǎn)的耐心，但我也明白自己并不是唯一對(duì)日本行政魄力、政府的繁文縟節(jié)以及積習(xí)已久的日本官僚主義感到失望的日本人。 本文授權(quán)編譯自EE Times，版權(quán)所有，謝絕轉(zhuǎn)載 參考英文原文：Yoshida in Japan: Two years later, few signs of recovery，by Junko Yoshida

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{pagination} Yoshida in Japan: Two years later, few signs of recovery Junko Yoshida Two years after the pacific coast of Japan was rocked by a massive earthquake and tsunami, many people are still struggling to recov Two years after the devastating tsunami and earthquake that killed close to 19,000 people and wiped out many coastal villages on March 11, 2011, too many people are still living in temporary housing, villages closer to Fukushima are still struggling to recover from the radioactive fallout caused by the nuclear crisis, and people in many remote fishing villages who were economically strapped before the tsunami face a future that’s uncertain at best and bleak at worst. Recent photos of before (2011) and after (2013) posted in the Atlantic's website illustrate how almost all of the rubble has been removed, or stacked neatly away. You may call that quintessential Japanese efficiency–or a Pecksniffian obsession with appearances. Meanwhile, Japan’s recovery is stuck in neutral, afflicted by a failure of flexibility and imagination on the part of government, bureaucracies and the people who have the power to change existing rules and regulations but don’t use it. Rule-bending, of course, has never been Japan’s forte. In a press briefing held at the Foreign Correspondents’ Club of Japan earlier this year, Futoshi Toba, mayor of Rikuzentakata, Iwate Prefecture, noted, “Honestly speaking, the state of our city is nowhere close to recovery.” Rikuzentakata, hard hit by the tsunami, saw 1,556 people killed, including the mayor’s own wife, with 218 people never found. In summary, 7 percent of its total population disappeared. Asked about the root cause of the delayed recovery, the mayor cited government red tape, vertically organized government agencies (each working in a silo) and leadership’s inability to act and think outside regulations never formulated to cope with a thousand-year storm. Futoshi Toba, mayor of Rikuzentakata · After two long years, Mayor Toba said, “We see piles of rubble everywhere, while damaged public facilities remain inactive.” The situation for Rikuzentakata is particularly devastating, because the town itself, located in the middle of nowhere, is built on weak economic and financial foundations, while its small population has many senior citizens. While there are several reasons for our slow recovery, Toba pinned the main blame on “the way our bureaucracy thinks and acts.” Toba recalled what happened several months after the earthquake and tsunami hit the town. “We were left with not a single supermarket in town. There were no retail outlets standing where our residents could even buy bottled water, let alone food.” The plan for a much needed supermarket was turned down by regulators, said Toba, on the grounds that the area is zoned for agricultural use. Every day, the town smacks head-first into a Japan too rigid to adapt compassionately to crisis. Folly of Reconstruction Agency Designed to oversee the rebuilding of areas devastated by the massive earthquake, tsunami and nuclear accident, Japan created a year ago a new agency called the Reconstruction Agency. The agency was expected to guide related government agencies (whose administration is often vertically divided) and coordinate long-term recovery efforts. Toba explained that initial expectations for the new agency were high. Before the formation of the new agency, Toba said, if he had plans for the city’s future, he faced an alphabet soup of bureaucracies. “If I have an issue with schools, I’d have to talk to the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; if my problems are related to handling of rubble, I’d have to go to the Ministry of the Environment. It was getting too much. So they told us the Reconstruction Agency, with authority to guide other agencies, could be a one-stop shop for local governments like ours that could help us find resolution quickly.” In reality, though, “there isn’t a single thing the Reconstruction Agency has done to make our life easier,” said the outspoken mayor. “Now I just have extra government agency--the Reconstruction Agency--that I need to talk to.” Of course, administrative disorganization should surprise no one who has ever worked with government agencies in Japan or in the United States. But what made things worse was that nobody from the Reconstruction Agency appeared willing to stand up to other government agencies, let alone to fight for constituents like Mayor Toba. “People from the Reconstruction Agency came to visit us in Rikuzentakata often. But they had the gall to tell us not to be so unreasonable with our demands,” he explained. “So, the mission of the Reconstruction Agency turns out to be persuading us to back down, not persuading the other government agencies to do their job.” Who owns the land? Another big issue facing many damaged towns and villages in Tohoku is the missing owners of land. Because so many people died in the disaster, there are fragments of property whose ownership remains unclear. “That makes it almost impossible for any businesses and private citizens to acquire the necessary space to go ahead and construct new buildings,” said Toba. “It’s time to create a new law–making certain exemptions for land usage where ownership is unknown,” he added. While certain coastal areas in the town are now registered as too dangerous for people to build homes, reconstruction on higher ground is also lagging--partly due to the cost of leveling mountains, partly because of phantom landowners. Toba mentioned during the press briefing one more thing that’s hurting many towns like Rikuzentakata: Restricted usage of the recovery funds given to each local government. “The recovery fund comes with a ‘menu’ created by the federal government, thus permitting us to use the money only for specific items on the menu,” the mayor explained. “Take our town… please. It was totally destroyed,” he said. “We have no libraries, no gyms, no museums, and no swimming pools. None of those things–facilities related to education and social gatherings–are in the recovery fund menu. It gives us no leeway to use the money for what we think is necessary for our recovery.” When Japan was devastated by the quake, people around the world applauded the Japanese for their stoicism and commitment to quietly pick themselves up and forge ahead in such an orderly manner. And yet, two years on, I see a plenty of signs that make me skeptical that the nation will fully recover any time soon. While I understand that a disaster of this magnitude requires a measure of patience, I know I’m not the only Japanese girl frustrated with Japan’s administrative disorder, its government red tape and the cluelessness of Japan’s fat, complacent, mostly male bureaucracy.