不久前，中國(guó)的太陽(yáng)能產(chǎn)業(yè)還推動(dòng)著全球可再生能源的發(fā)展，不僅大量生產(chǎn)太陽(yáng)能電池板，還不斷壓低價(jià)格。當(dāng)然，對(duì)于其競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手──美國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)，故事版本就截然不同：利潤(rùn)空間受擠壓，促使許多美國(guó)公司的業(yè)務(wù)轉(zhuǎn)移到像中國(guó)這樣的海外生產(chǎn)基地。
在最近的舊金山太陽(yáng)能展覽會(huì)中，中國(guó)太陽(yáng)能業(yè)者無(wú)疑扮演著主導(dǎo)角色。然而，最近的跡象顯示，即使是中國(guó)的太陽(yáng)能電池制造商也正在經(jīng)歷利潤(rùn)空間不斷削減的痛苦。
據(jù)報(bào)導(dǎo)，中國(guó)可再生能源基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施中的關(guān)鍵部分，如太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電技術(shù)已接近崩潰邊緣了。今年8月，一家中國(guó)太陽(yáng)能企業(yè)負(fù)責(zé)人意識(shí)到無(wú)法還清政府貸款時(shí)，選擇結(jié)束自己的生命。而其它中國(guó)太陽(yáng)能電池制造商最近也已開(kāi)始減產(chǎn)。
然而，原油期貨價(jià)格仍持續(xù)上漲，在加州等重要市場(chǎng)汽油價(jià)格每加侖仍高于5美元。另外，隨著美中國(guó)之間的貿(mào)易緊張局勢(shì)不斷升溫，中國(guó)的太陽(yáng)能制造業(yè)也與政治扯上了邊。以下，我們巡禮了這次在美國(guó)舉辦的展會(huì)，看看廠商們展些什么。
SolFocus公司的聚光太陽(yáng)能板使用光學(xué)技術(shù)來(lái)擷取太陽(yáng)光線(xiàn)，并將之集中在太陽(yáng)能電池上數(shù)百次。
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太陽(yáng)能產(chǎn)業(yè)中的政治
一家中國(guó)太陽(yáng)能公司證明展現(xiàn)其在當(dāng)前中美貿(mào)易戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)中的游說(shuō)能力。
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中國(guó)的新生代
中國(guó)太陽(yáng)能公司的年輕員工。
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太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電場(chǎng)
中國(guó)已經(jīng)為提升可再生能源產(chǎn)業(yè)投入了數(shù)十億美元在中國(guó)寧夏，像這樣的大型太陽(yáng)能發(fā)電場(chǎng)主要供應(yīng)其國(guó)內(nèi)需求，但全球銷(xiāo)售仍呈現(xiàn)下滑。
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相關(guān)閱讀：
• 著眼高效低成本，太陽(yáng)能市場(chǎng)有望浴火重生
• 展望不佳又逢十一長(zhǎng)假，太陽(yáng)能市場(chǎng)交易清淡
• 殺價(jià)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)不斷，太陽(yáng)能市場(chǎng)紛搶“出清”sZ9esmc
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太陽(yáng)能持續(xù)創(chuàng)新
過(guò)去的35年來(lái)，太陽(yáng)能電池板的轉(zhuǎn)換效率穩(wěn)定提升，但供應(yīng)充足且價(jià)格相對(duì)更便宜的天然氣卻一直抑制著太陽(yáng)能的發(fā)展。
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熱水器
太陽(yáng)熱能仍然是儲(chǔ)存太陽(yáng)能最有效的方法之一。圖為展會(huì)現(xiàn)場(chǎng)的太陽(yáng)能熱水器之一。
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工作區(qū)
展區(qū)的行銷(xiāo)活動(dòng)。
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相關(guān)閱讀：
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• 殺價(jià)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)不斷，太陽(yáng)能市場(chǎng)紛搶“出清”sZ9esmc
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可預(yù)見(jiàn)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)
美國(guó)最成功的太陽(yáng)能公司之一──FirstSolar公司執(zhí)行副總裁James Brown表示，該公司正努力避免“太陽(yáng)能市場(chǎng)的動(dòng)蕩情況”，以加快下一階段的太陽(yáng)能部署行動(dòng)。 FirstSolar公司正在努力降低太陽(yáng)能電池板的成本以期能與中國(guó)供貨商競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，進(jìn)而滿(mǎn)足市場(chǎng)從石化燃料轉(zhuǎn)向可再生能源方案時(shí)的“可預(yù)見(jiàn)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”。
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原料
新材料是推動(dòng)太陽(yáng)能轉(zhuǎn)換效率提升的關(guān)鍵。這是德國(guó)單晶硅錠制造商Schunk的“基座”(susceptor)。
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提高效率
海潤(rùn)光伏(Hareon Solar)聲稱(chēng)已提升了電源轉(zhuǎn)換效率。
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相關(guān)閱讀：
• 著眼高效低成本，太陽(yáng)能市場(chǎng)有望浴火重生
• 展望不佳又逢十一長(zhǎng)假，太陽(yáng)能市場(chǎng)交易清淡
• 殺價(jià)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)不斷，太陽(yáng)能市場(chǎng)紛搶“出清”sZ9esmc
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太陽(yáng)能的就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)
幾乎所有的能源相關(guān)產(chǎn)業(yè)都聲稱(chēng)其技術(shù)將能創(chuàng)造就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)。太陽(yáng)能產(chǎn)業(yè)也不例外。
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就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)看板
與會(huì)者仔細(xì)閱讀在美國(guó)太陽(yáng)能展的工作列表。許多就業(yè)領(lǐng)域都與太陽(yáng)能安裝業(yè)務(wù)相關(guān)。專(zhuān)家表示，可再生能源產(chǎn)業(yè)將會(huì)需要認(rèn)證管道以推動(dòng)太陽(yáng)能的安裝速度。
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本文授權(quán)編譯自EE Times，版權(quán)所有，謝絕轉(zhuǎn)載
編譯： Joy Teng
參考英文原文：Slideshow: China and the future of solar power，by George Leopold
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Slideshow: China and the future of solar power
George Leopold
Chinese solar vendors dominated a recent solar exhibition in San Francisco, but the Chinese industry is now facing the same market problems as its competitors.
SAN FRANCISCO – Not so long ago, China’s solar industry was at the top of the global renewable energy heap, knocking out millions of solar panels while steadily driving down their price - to the delight of U.S. consumers. For U.S. competitors, of course, it was a different story: squeezed profit margins were driving many U.S. companies out of business or to offshore manufacturing locations like China.
We toured at a big North American solar exhibition here recently and were immediately struck by the sheer number of well-heeled Chinese solar manufacturers exhibiting at the event. But lately there are clear signs that even Chinese solar manufacturers are suffering as their own profit margins have been whittled down to the thickness of a polysilicon wafer.
[Get a 10% discount on ARM TechCon 2012 conference passes by using promo code EDIT. Click here to learn about the show and register.]
Reports out of China indicate that key segments of China’s renewable energy infrastructure like photovoltaic technology are nearing collapse. In August, the head of a Chinese solar company leapt to his death when he realized his company couldn’t pay off a government loan. Other Chinese solar panel manufacturers have recently cut production.
All this as oil futures continue to rise and gasoline prices remain above $5 a gallon in key markets like California.
With trade tensions rising between the U.S. and China, some Chinese vendors at the Inter Solar North American exhibition here also evinced a growing awareness of how the global trade system operates when rival economies are hurting. One Chinese vendor prominently display at its booth a key passage from a U.S. International Trade Administration ruling that the company did not dump solar panels on the U.S. market.
Growing trade tensions between China and the U.S. along with the exodus of solar manufacturing to China have placed solar politics at the forefront in a presidential election year. One of candidate Mitt Romney’s so-called presidential debate “zingers” accuses the Obama administration of surpassing the old GOP saw about “picking between winners and losers” with picking only losers -- a not-so-subtle reference to last year’s Solyndra debacle.
Factors like climate change, the drive for energy independence, access to capital, technological advances and plain-old politics are constantly reshaping renewable energy markets. We offer a snapshot of that market and where it might be headed.
SolFocus' concentrator photovoltaic panels use optics technology to capture sunlight and concentrate it hundreds of times on a solar cell.
Solar politics
A Chinese solar company demonstrates its lobbying ability in the ongoing trade wars with the U.S.
China's next generation
The young face of China's booming solar industry.
Solar farms
China has invested billions to pump up its renewable energy sector. Huge domestic demand for solar farms like this one in Ningxia, China, accounted for much of the industry's sales, but global sales are slipping.
Solar innovation
The conversion efficiency of solar panels has steadily improved over the last 35 years, but plentiful and relatively cheap natural gas supplies have dampened solar sales.
Water heater
Solar thermal remains one of the most efficient ways to store solar energy. Pictured is one of many solar water heaters on display at the North American Inter Solar exhibition.
Work zone
An advocacy group launched a new marketing campaign during the solar exhibition.
'Perceived risk'
James Brown, executive vice president of FirstSolar, one of the most successful U.S. solar companies, said it is trying to avoid the "fog of the current solar market turmoil" in order to speed the next phase of solar deployments. FirstSolar is working to reduce solar panel costs to compete with Chinese vendors while addressing the "perceived risk" of switching from fossil fuels to renewable sources, Brown said.
Raw materials
New materials are one way of achieving incremental increases in solar conversion efficiency. Shown is a "susceptor" from German manufacturer Schunk for making monocrystalline silicon ingots.
Boosting efficiency
Along with reducing costs -- upfront and life cycle -- companies like Hareon Solar were touting increased power conversion efficiency at the solar exhibition.
Solar jobs
Nearly every energy sector is claiming its technology will generate jobs. Where there is sun, the solar lobby claims there will be jobs.
Jobs board
Attendees peruse the job listings at the U.S. solar exhibition. A growing employment sector is solar installations. Experts say the renewable energy industry needs the equivalent of the certified plumber to boost solar installations.
責(zé)編：Quentin
