根據(jù)最新發(fā)布的全球500大超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)排名顯示，中國的超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)運(yùn)算效能持續(xù)大幅領(lǐng)先，蟬連榜單首位寶座。此外，這份排名也顯示了幾項(xiàng)新的變化，包括 Cray 提供的新系統(tǒng)目前是歐洲最強(qiáng)大的超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)，而 Infiniband 則在叢集互連領(lǐng)域取得新應(yīng)用。 最新的全球500大超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)排名中，揭露了中國“天河二號(hào)”(Tianhe-2) 的更多的細(xì)節(jié)──這是由中國國防科學(xué)技術(shù)大學(xué)開發(fā)的先進(jìn)超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)，即將部署在廣州的國家超級(jí)計(jì)算器中心。在Linpack的基準(zhǔn)測試中，該系統(tǒng)可提供 33.86 petaflop/s的運(yùn)算效能，較全球第二大超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)更高兩倍之多。它16,000個(gè)運(yùn)算節(jié)點(diǎn)，每個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)包含兩個(gè)英特爾Xeon Ivy Bridge處理器和三個(gè)Xeon Phi處理器，共312萬個(gè)運(yùn)算核心。 中國工程師為天河二號(hào)開發(fā)出許多組件，包括其互連芯片、前端處理器、操作系統(tǒng)以及軟件工具。該系統(tǒng)采用4,096個(gè)由中國開發(fā)的Galaxy FT-1500 CPU以及基于Sparc V9架構(gòu)的16核心芯片。相較于英特爾12核心Ivy Bridge處理器可提供211Gflop/s的運(yùn)算效能，該系統(tǒng)的每個(gè)前端處理器可在65W功耗下提供144 Gflop/s的運(yùn)算效能。 天河二號(hào)執(zhí)行中國開發(fā)的Kylin Linux 系統(tǒng)──在2006年首次獲準(zhǔn)使用。根據(jù)超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)會(huì)議上發(fā)布的最新500大榜單細(xì)節(jié)，該系統(tǒng)采用中國開發(fā)的編程模式 OpenMC ──類似于Open-MP 。 Cray 則是首次進(jìn)入前十大的新系統(tǒng)──排名第六的PIZ Daint，目前位于瑞士盧加諾的瑞士國家超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)中心，可執(zhí)行6.27 Pflop/s的運(yùn)算效能，因而成為歐洲最強(qiáng)大的計(jì)算機(jī)系統(tǒng)。這款 Cray XC30 采用了73,808個(gè) Nvidia K20x 加速芯片核心，功耗僅2.33MW，可執(zhí)行2.7 Gflops/W的效能，使其成為前十大最具能效的系統(tǒng)。 500大超級(jí)電 腦排名中包含了31款運(yùn)算效能達(dá)petaflop級(jí)的系統(tǒng)，較六個(gè)月前統(tǒng)計(jì)的26個(gè)petaflop級(jí)系統(tǒng)更持續(xù)增加了?？偣灿?3個(gè)系統(tǒng)都采用了協(xié)同處 理器，其中的38個(gè)系統(tǒng)采用Nvidia的繪圖芯片，13個(gè)系統(tǒng)采用英特爾Xeon Phi處理器，以及兩個(gè)系統(tǒng)采用AMD Radeon GPU 。 英特爾在最新的統(tǒng)計(jì)中已經(jīng)為412個(gè)系統(tǒng)(占82.4%)提供處理器了，較6個(gè)月前的80%微幅增加，并持續(xù)擴(kuò)展其于 CPU 供貨商的主導(dǎo)地位。AMD Opteron 芯片則用于43個(gè)系統(tǒng)(占9%)，較六個(gè)月前的統(tǒng)計(jì)下滑了一個(gè)百分點(diǎn)；此外，還有40個(gè)系統(tǒng)用的是IBM的Power處理器。 在 系統(tǒng)選擇排名方面，IBM BlueGene/Q 持續(xù)受到排名前10大的系統(tǒng)青睞，排名第3、第5、第8和第9的系統(tǒng)中都使用了該架構(gòu)。然而，榜單上選擇使用惠普(HP)的系統(tǒng)更多，有195個(gè)系統(tǒng) (39%)都選擇了惠普的系統(tǒng)，而使用IBM系統(tǒng)的則有166個(gè)(占33%)。 叢集計(jì)算機(jī)的規(guī)模也持續(xù)擴(kuò)展。同步系統(tǒng)平均封裝41,434個(gè)核心，較六個(gè)月前的38,700個(gè)核心以及一年前的29,796個(gè)核心更大幅擴(kuò)增。 InfiniBand 技術(shù)目前已用于500大榜單中的207個(gè)系統(tǒng)，較六個(gè)月前的203個(gè)系統(tǒng)微幅增加。長久以來占主導(dǎo)地位的叢集互連技術(shù)──以太網(wǎng)絡(luò)(Ethernet)則 進(jìn)展持平，從一年前的216個(gè)系統(tǒng)使用下滑，目前則有212個(gè)系統(tǒng)使用。此外，還有77個(gè)系統(tǒng)10G以太網(wǎng)絡(luò)，其余的系統(tǒng)則采用Gbit級(jí)鏈路。 全球500大超級(jí)計(jì)算機(jī)排名是由德國曼海姆大學(xué)(University of Mannheim)的Hans Meuer、美國勞倫斯柏克萊國家實(shí)驗(yàn)室(Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory)的Erich Strohmaier與Horst Simon，以及田納西大學(xué)(University of Tennessee)大學(xué)的Jack Dongarra共同整理。這項(xiàng)排名最先是從1993年開始。 本文授權(quán)編譯自EE Times，版權(quán)所有，謝絕轉(zhuǎn)載 編譯：Susan Hong 參考英文原文：China Retains Lead in Supercomputers，by Rick Merritt

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{pagination} China Retains Lead in Supercomputers Rick Merritt SAN JOSE, Calif. – A supercomputer in China retained its significant lead as the world's most powerful computer in the latest Top 500 list. Among few changes on the new list, Cray delivered a new system that is now the most powerful in Europe and Infiniband gained in use as a cluster interconnect. The latest rankings provided more details about Tianhe-2, revealing the sophistication of the supercomputer developed by China’s National University of Defense Technology to be deployed in Guangzho. The system delivers 33.86 petaflop/s on the Linpack benchmark, about twice as much as the world's second most powerful system. It packs 3.12 million computing cores, a mix of two Intel Xeon Ivy Bridge and three Xeon Phi processors on each of 16,000 nodes. China's engineers developed many of the Tianhe-2 components including its interconnect chips, front-end processors, operating system, and software tools. The system uses 4,096 China-developed Galaxy FT-1500 CPUs, 16-core chips based on the Sparc V9 architecture. Each front-end processor delivers 144 Gflop/s at 65 watts, compared to 211 Gflop/s for the 12-core Intel Ivy Bridge CPUs. Tianhe-2 runs China-developed Kylin Linux, first approved for use in 2006. It is based on OpenMC, a China-developed programming model, similar to Open-MP, according to details released with the new list at a supercomputer conference. Cray was the one new entrant to the Top 10 with its Piz Daint at a center in Lugano, Switzerland measured at 6.27 Pflop/s, making it Europe's most powerful system. The Cray XC30 uses 73,808 Nvidia K20x accelerator cores and is the most energy-efficient system in the Top 10, consuming 2.33 MW and delivering 2.7 Gflops/W. The list now contains 31 petaflop-class systems, up from 26 six months ago. A total of 53 systems use co-processors, 38 of them Nvidia graphics chips, 13 Intel Xeon Phi processors and two AMD Radeon GPUs. Intel extended its dominance as CPU supplier slightly in the latest list powering 412 (82.4 percent) of the systems, up from 80 percent six months ago. AMD's Opteron chips are used in 43 systems (9 percent), down a point, and IBM Power processors are in 40 systems. IBM's BlueGene/Q continues to have bragging rights as the most popular architecture in the top 10, used in the No. 3, 5, 8, and 9 systems. However, Hewlett-Packard supplied more systems, 195 percent or 39 percent of the Top 500, compared to 166 systems (33 percent) for IBM. Clusters continue to scale out. The average concurrency system packs 41,434 cores, up from 38,700 six months ago and 29,796 one year ago. InfiniBand technology is now found on 207 systems, up from 203 systems. Ethernet, long the dominant cluster interconnect, remained flat at use in 212 systems down from 216 systems a year ago. A total of 77 of the systems now use 10Gbit Ethernet, the rest using Gbit links. The Top 500 list is compiled by Hans Meuer of the University of Mannheim, Germany; Erich Strohmaier and Horst Simon of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory; and Jack Dongarra of the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. The first list was compiled in June 1993.