2011年3月11日發(fā)生的大地震與海嘯重創(chuàng)日本東北，損失了數(shù)量龐大的人命與財(cái)物；重大天災(zāi)所帶來的長期性影響，就是食物、飲水與公共衛(wèi)生基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的大區(qū)域崩壞。在 2012年年10月重創(chuàng)美東的颶風(fēng)Sandy也具備同樣的破壞威力，使得紐約市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施受到重創(chuàng)，當(dāng)?shù)鼐用竦浆F(xiàn)在仍在重建家園。
颶風(fēng)Sandy吹倒了美東地區(qū)的電線，讓海水倒灌進(jìn)變電所，切斷了與發(fā)電廠的聯(lián)機(jī)；數(shù)百萬民眾因此遭遇停電，甚至其第二線、第三線備援電力系統(tǒng)也失效。而評估電網(wǎng)是否能更妥善應(yīng)對如此大規(guī)模災(zāi)難，是重要的優(yōu)先事項(xiàng)。
在2001年發(fā)生的美國911事件，紐約世貿(mào)中心大樓現(xiàn)場緊急救援工作的進(jìn)行，則是因?yàn)榫脚c消防單位的通信系統(tǒng)彼此不兼容而受到阻礙。在通信系統(tǒng)兼容性問題已經(jīng)逐漸在發(fā)生天然或人為災(zāi)害的區(qū)域被一點(diǎn)一滴重新矯正的同時(shí)，其它大型城市基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)的通信與感測裝置還是需要注意并改善。
以下介紹的十種通信與傳感器新技術(shù)(主要是在美國布署)，能確保我們的城市基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)做好應(yīng)對災(zāi)難的準(zhǔn)備，或是順暢、有效率地恢復(fù)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)──除非惱人的官僚體系帶來阻礙。
1. 美國FirstNet 緊急救難通信網(wǎng)路
美國官方在2012年通過設(shè)置緊急救難網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理局(First Responder Network Authority，F(xiàn)irstNet)，旨在為警察、消防員、醫(yī)療救護(hù)專業(yè)人員以及其它公共安全單位，建立第一個(gè)全國互通的無線寬頻網(wǎng)絡(luò)。
美國FirstNet運(yùn)作架構(gòu)
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目前美國各地的緊急救難單位都是用不同的頻段來通信，F(xiàn)irstNet將使用一個(gè)分布式核心網(wǎng)絡(luò)(distributed core network)來整合一組不同的冗余頻道，確保在緊要關(guān)頭時(shí)的緊急救難通信可順利運(yùn)作。
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2. 超越GPS的新一代定位服務(wù)
通訊的內(nèi)容不再只是語音或是資料，也包括位置信息的遙測；波音(Boeing)、Glonass衛(wèi)星系統(tǒng)與NextNav共同推出的定位服務(wù) (location-based service)，就是超越GPS的新一代系統(tǒng)。該服務(wù)能在災(zāi)區(qū)周圍設(shè)置緊急信標(biāo)，以RF信號的三角測量結(jié)果來取得災(zāi)區(qū)內(nèi)部的位置信息。
超越GPS的新一代定位服務(wù)
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由TRX Systems等公司提供的追蹤裝置，則以MEMS慣性傳感器提供航位推算(dead reckoning)，讓GPS、Wi-Fi甚至是蜂巢式網(wǎng)絡(luò)都癱瘓的區(qū)域內(nèi)人員與資產(chǎn)，能以公分級的精確度被追蹤。
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3. 911短信服務(wù)
美國聯(lián)邦通信委員會(huì)(FCC)計(jì)劃在 2013年展開報(bào)警電話911接收短信服務(wù)的布署，預(yù)定2014年推廣至全美。而包括AT&T、Verizon、Sprint與 T-Mobile等電信業(yè)者都承諾支持該服務(wù)，在短時(shí)間內(nèi)，美國有九成的手機(jī)用戶都能傳短信給911，讓有聽力、語言障礙的民眾或是無法透過電話溝通的民眾在緊急時(shí)運(yùn)用。
未來美國911也能收短信
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（編按：據(jù)了解，我們的110早已實(shí)現(xiàn)與居民智能設(shè)備的連接，隨手拍下的不良現(xiàn)象就可以發(fā)給警察叔叔報(bào)警。）
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4. 能在災(zāi)區(qū)應(yīng)用的整合式公用警報(bào)系統(tǒng)
美 國聯(lián)邦急難管理署(Federal Emergency Management Association，F(xiàn)EMA)的整合式公用警報(bào)系統(tǒng)(Integrated Public Alert and Warning System，IPAWS)，是供應(yīng)眾多警察、消費(fèi)與緊急救護(hù)主管機(jī)關(guān)應(yīng)用的通信網(wǎng)路。
IPAWS 應(yīng)用示意圖
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由維吉尼亞理工大學(xué)(Virginia Tech)開發(fā)的智能布署增強(qiáng)型無線網(wǎng)關(guān)器(Intelligent Deployable Augmented Wireless Gateway，iDAWG)，能讓IPAWS深入災(zāi)區(qū)；警察、消防、緊急救護(hù)、手機(jī)與民用頻段可藉由一種名為Gridstream X的“edge-ware”應(yīng)用程序聯(lián)合在一起，利用Virginia Tech的無線網(wǎng)格創(chuàng)新測試平臺(Wireless Grid Innovation Testbed)開發(fā)之感知無線電技術(shù)。
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5. 可支持多種功能的長程飛行器
美 商N(yùn)orthrop Grumman所開發(fā)的長程多智能功能飛行器(Long Endurance Multi Intelligence Vehicle，LEMV)號稱可支持“21天不眨眼”的軍事ISR (情報(bào)、監(jiān)視與偵查)任務(wù)，也能在災(zāi)難發(fā)生時(shí)做為空中觀測/通信中繼站。這種飛行船能載重2,500磅的通信設(shè)備，每小時(shí)飛行時(shí)速達(dá)100英里。
長程多智能功能飛行器
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6. 海嘯偵測浮標(biāo)
美 國國家海洋與大氣管理局(National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration，NOAA)已經(jīng)在太平洋上布署了一種海嘯偵測浮標(biāo)，由位于夏威夷與阿拉斯加的太平洋海嘯警報(bào)中心負(fù)責(zé)監(jiān)測。NOAA也打算 在美國東岸與加勒比海沿岸布署這種海嘯偵測浮標(biāo)，透過偵測颶風(fēng)、龍卷風(fēng)與熱帶風(fēng)暴的國家氣象服務(wù)無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)傳送警告。
海嘯偵測浮標(biāo)
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7. 風(fēng)暴潮感測裝置
美國地質(zhì)調(diào)查局(U.S. Geological Survey)在東岸(由Chesapeake灣至緬因州海岸)布署了150個(gè)風(fēng)暴潮感測裝置，在Sandy颶風(fēng)期間量測水位變化。那些裝置所收集到的資料將用以制作詳細(xì)的計(jì)算機(jī)模型，并辨別出風(fēng)災(zāi)與水災(zāi)破壞的差別；所有的資料都能在地質(zhì)調(diào)查局的風(fēng)暴潮汐對應(yīng)圖(Storm-Tide Mapper)查詢。
風(fēng)暴潮感測裝置
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8. 無人駕駛安全偵察機(jī)
一 項(xiàng)名為ResQu的計(jì)劃打造了一種無人駕駛飛機(jī)，所搭載的智能科技能偵測緊急狀態(tài)下的損失情況與國土安全，同時(shí)感測并避開其它飛行器。該計(jì)劃是一個(gè)由眾多機(jī)構(gòu)合作的成果， 包括澳洲波音研究與技術(shù)中心(Boeing Research & Technology-Australia)、波音子公司Insitu Pacific，澳洲科學(xué)與工業(yè)研究組織(Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation，CSIRO)以及昆士蘭科技大學(xué)(Queensland University of Technology)。
無人駕駛安全偵察機(jī)
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9. 能執(zhí)行災(zāi)區(qū)救援任務(wù)的機(jī)器人
維吉尼亞理工大學(xué)開發(fā)的戰(zhàn)略冒險(xiǎn)作業(yè)機(jī)器人(Tactical Hazardous Operations Robot，Thor)，也能在災(zāi)難發(fā)生時(shí)發(fā)揮作用；這種機(jī)器人能協(xié)助天然或人為災(zāi)害的受難者進(jìn)行撤離，或是在危險(xiǎn)惡劣的環(huán)境中執(zhí)行復(fù)雜任務(wù)。
維吉尼亞理工大學(xué)開發(fā)的戰(zhàn)略冒險(xiǎn)作業(yè)機(jī)器人(Thor)
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10. 災(zāi)難警報(bào)應(yīng)用程序
太平洋災(zāi)害中心(Pacific Disaster Center)提供一種免費(fèi)下載的災(zāi)難警報(bào)應(yīng)用程序，能在災(zāi)難或緊急事件發(fā)生時(shí)提供互動(dòng)地圖與實(shí)時(shí)信息；這些災(zāi)難包括颶風(fēng)、龍卷風(fēng)、臺風(fēng)、水災(zāi)、地震、海嘯與火山爆發(fā)。
災(zāi)難警報(bào)應(yīng)用程序
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編譯：Judith Cheng
參考英文原文：Slideshow: 10 technologies to save our cities，by R. Colin Johnson
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Slideshow: 10 technologies to save our cities
R. Colin Johnson
The massive earthquake and tsunami in 2011 devastated northeastern Japan and exacted an enormous human and financial toll. Among the disaster's many long-term effects were disruptions in essential infrastructure for food, water, and sanitation across large areas.
The recent mega-hurricane Sandy this year made a mess of many properties in the New York metropolitan area. Again the infrastructure suffered. And as of this day residents are rebuilding their lives.
Hurricane Sandy ripped through the Eastern United States taking down power lines, sending sea water gushing into substations, and knocking out connections to power plants. Millions of people lost power from both the grid and their secondary and tertiary backup systems. Evaluating how the power grid could better cope with disasters of this magnitude is a major priority.
After World Trade Center disaster in 2001, the rescue efforts were hampered by incompatible communications system between the police and fire departments on the scene.
While the communications compatibility is being rectified in bits and pieces in the areas struck by natural and man-made disasters, much needs to be addressed in bettering both communications and sensing technology in large cities’ infrastructures.
The following slideshow illustrates the enabling communications and sensor technologies that will ensure our city infrastructures are properly prepared and recovery operations run smoothly and efficiently, barring of course possible bureaucratic nightmares. --Nicolas Mokhoff
1) First Responder Network Authority:
Click on image to enlarge.
The First Responder Network Authority (FirstNet) was authorized in 2012 to create the first nationwide interoperable wireless broadband network for first responders including police, firefighters, emergency medical service professionals and other public safety personnel. Today emergency personnel routinely use different frequencies to communicate, but FirstNet will use a distributed core network to integrate a diverse set of redundant channels to insure emergency communications work in a pinch.
2) Beyond GPS
Communications is not just for voice and data anymore, but also for location-based telemetry. In fact, the next-generation beyond GPS are the location-based service coming from Boeing, Glonass and NextNav (pictured). Emergency beacons around the perimeter of the disaster zone use the RF signals to triangulate the locations inside.
Tracking devices from TRX Systems and others add MEMS inertial sensors for dead reckoning that enable people and assets to be tracked with centimeter accuracy in locations where GPS, WiFi and even cellular networks don’t operate.
Click on image to enlarge.
3) Text-to-911
The first deployments of text-to-911 will begin in 2013, with nationwide availability slated for 2014 according to a Federal Communications Commission mandate.
With AT&T, Verizon, Sprint and T-Mobile pledging to support for the service, soon 90 percent of the nation's mobile consumers can text to 911, including all with hearing or speech disabilities or who just cannot get through on the phone.
Click on image to enlarge.
4) IPAWS
The Federal Emergency Management Association (FEMA) Integrated Public Alert and Warning System (IPAWS) is the communication network used by many police, fire and emergency management agencies.
Virginia Tech’s iDAWG extends iPAWS into the disaster zone by establishing and Intelligent Deployable Augmented Wireless Gateway (iDAWG) in a temporary location.
Police, fire, ambulance, cell phone and citizen bands are united with an “edge-ware” application called Gridstream X that uses a cognitive radio technologies developed by Virginia Tech’s Wireless Grid Innovation Testbed.
Click on image to enlarge.
5) Long Endurance Multi Intelligence Vehicle
Providing “21 days of unblinking stare” is Northrop Grumman's Long Endurance Multi Intelligence Vehicle (LEMV), a military technology for ISR (intelligence/surveillance/reconnaissance) that will also provide an eye-in-the-sky and radio relay point for disasters.
Run from the Army's Universal Ground Control Station, the blimp can carry communications equipment payloads over 2,500 pounds and travel at almost 100 miles per hour.
Click on image to enlarge.
6) Tsunami-detecting buoys
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has deployed tsunami-detecting buoys in the Pacific which it monitors from its Pacific Tsunami Warning Center in Hawaii and a similar center in Alaska.
Over 300 people have been killed by tsunamis in the Atlantic (compared to over 400 for the Pacific) prompting the NOAA to deploy additional buoys off the East and Gulf coasts and in the Caribbean Sea.
Alerts to East coast residents are sent out over the National Weather Service radio network that was designed to warn of tornadoes, hurricanes and tropical storms.
Click on image to enlarge.
7) Storm surge sensors
The U.S. Geological Survey deployed over 150 storm surge sensors across the East Coast from the Chesapeake Bay up the coast to Maine, to measure water levels during hurricane Sandy.
The data will be used to create detailed computer models, as well as to discern between wind and flood damage. All data can be accessed on the USGS Storm-Tide Mapper.
Click on image to enlarge.
8) Project ResQu
Project ResQu's unmanned aircraft employ smart technologies to enable them to survey damage and land safely in emergency situations as well as both sense and avoid other aircraft.
The project is a cooperative effort of Boeing Research & Technology-Australia, Boeing subsidiary Insitu Pacific, the Australian Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) and Queensland University of Technology (QUT).
Click on image to enlarge.
9) Thor
Virginia Tech's Tactical Hazardous Operations Robot (Thor) will compete in the Defense Advanced Research Project Agency's Robotics Challenge to create robots for disaster-response operations.
The robots will aid victims of natural or man-made disasters, conduct evacuation operations, and perform complex tasks in dangerous, degraded, human-engineered environments.
Click on image to enlarge.
10) Disaster Alert app
The free Disaster Alert app from the Pacific Disaster Center gives real-time information on disasters and other active hazards on an interactive map (left) and in a list view (right).
World disaster alerts are issued for hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons, floods, earthquakes, tsunami and volcanic eruptions.
Click on image to enlarge.
責(zé)編：Quentin
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