美國國會一個委員會周一(10月8日)警告美國運(yùn)營商,不要從中國主要電信設(shè)備供應(yīng)商華為和中興通訊購買設(shè)備,以免威脅美國的國家安全。中國可能利用華為和中興生產(chǎn)電訊設(shè)備中的軟件從事網(wǎng)絡(luò)間諜活動。
美國眾議院情報(bào)委員會的一份報(bào)告強(qiáng)烈敦促美國電信運(yùn)營商從其它渠道購買設(shè)備。
該報(bào)告表示,“根據(jù)機(jī)密和公開的信息,不能相信華為和中興通訊不受外國政府的影響,因此對于美國和我們的系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成威脅。”
該委員會2011年11月開始調(diào)查在美國開展業(yè)務(wù)的中國電信企業(yè)構(gòu)成的反情報(bào)與安全威脅。據(jù)上述報(bào)告,華為和中興都未能提供充分的證據(jù)來消除該委員會的擔(dān)憂。
以前其它政府和機(jī)構(gòu)也曾對華為與中興構(gòu)成的潛在安全威脅表示擔(dān)憂。華為與中興分別是全球最大和第五大無線通信基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施設(shè)備供應(yīng)商。這兩家公司都被懷疑與中國政府、軍方和中國共 產(chǎn) 黨有關(guān)聯(lián)。外界曾指責(zé)華為與中興設(shè)計(jì)的通信設(shè)備,允許中國政府私自訪問系統(tǒng)。這種指控引發(fā)了國家安全和企業(yè)間諜行為方面的擔(dān)憂。
Source:IHS iSupplihwHesmc
報(bào)告建議美國“以懷疑眼光看待中國電信企業(yè)持續(xù)滲透美國電信市場”。報(bào)告進(jìn)一步建議美國阻止與華為和中興有關(guān)的企業(yè)收購、接管或者合并。
華為與中興周一都發(fā)表聲明指責(zé)這份報(bào)告的結(jié)論。
這份報(bào)告對于華為的指責(zé)尤其嚴(yán)厲,稱調(diào)查發(fā)現(xiàn)的證據(jù)顯示,該公司有行賄、侵犯版權(quán)、非法移民和歧視等行為。情報(bào)委員會表示,將把這些指控提交給美國司法部進(jìn)行評估,并可能發(fā)起相關(guān)調(diào)查。
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• 中國本土工科畢業(yè)生為何青睞跨國大公司
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滲透美國市場失敗
據(jù)市場調(diào)研公司IHS iSuppli,由于美國政府的相關(guān)調(diào)查和其它審查活動,美國電信運(yùn)營商已經(jīng)對購買華為和中興的設(shè)備非常謹(jǐn)慎。IHS公司表示,盡管這兩家公司的全球銷售增長,但經(jīng)過10年的努力均未能打入美國市場。
IHS公司寬帶與數(shù)字家庭首席分析師Lee Ratliff在聲明中表示:“美國政府阻止了美國企業(yè)與中國設(shè)備生產(chǎn)商之間的大量合同與收購交易,通常是以間接方式加以阻撓?!?
Ratliff還指出,情報(bào)委員會的報(bào)告可能進(jìn)一步妨礙華為和中興未來滲透美國市場的能力。
 IHS公司的消費(fèi)與通信總監(jiān)Jagdish Rebello |
IHS公司的消費(fèi)與通信總監(jiān)Jagdish Rebello表示,美國議員們的擔(dān)憂主要集中在向4G無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)的過渡上。這種轉(zhuǎn)變將導(dǎo)致復(fù)雜性急劇上升。
“由于這一點(diǎn),許多運(yùn)營商現(xiàn)在都與網(wǎng)絡(luò)OEM合作,后者不但提供設(shè)備,而且與運(yùn)營商共同建立網(wǎng)絡(luò),”Rebello表示,“這使得華為和中興等網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備生產(chǎn)商在基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施建設(shè)中發(fā)揮關(guān)鍵作用?!?
據(jù)IHS公司,華為成為2011年前九個月最大的無線通信基礎(chǔ)設(shè)備供應(yīng)商,營業(yè)收入達(dá)89億美元,市場份額為29%。同期中興全球排名第五,營業(yè)收入為20億美元,市場份額為6%。
據(jù)IHS,華為被視為價格與技術(shù)方面的領(lǐng)先者。IHS公司表示,華為贏得了許多歐洲運(yùn)營商的4G布署與網(wǎng)絡(luò)管理合同,也在發(fā)展中市場獲得了許多運(yùn)營商的3G布署合同。
美國國防部在2008年給國會的一個報(bào)告中曾強(qiáng)調(diào)華為與中國政府之間的聯(lián)系。據(jù)IHS公司,由于擔(dān)心美國政府的否決,華為通過收購3COM和2Wire進(jìn)入美國市場的計(jì)劃夭折。
IHS公司表示,中興2010年報(bào)告稱,印度政府出于同樣的安全擔(dān)憂,開始阻止印度企業(yè)購買其設(shè)備。
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而那些在中國經(jīng)營的美國公司,則擔(dān)心受到中國政府的經(jīng)濟(jì)報(bào)復(fù)。
中國官方的人民日報(bào)周二指責(zé)美方對華為和中興采取的邏輯是"有罪推定",并稱"眾議院情報(bào)委員會的不明智政治之舉將有礙中美經(jīng)貿(mào)合作的健康發(fā)展,"人民日報(bào)社論稱。該報(bào)通常反映的是政府觀點(diǎn)。
冷戰(zhàn)思維
新華社的一篇英文社論抨擊這是美國的冷戰(zhàn)思維在作祟。目前正是中美關(guān)系的敏感時期,美國即將舉行總統(tǒng)大選,而中國領(lǐng)導(dǎo)層即將換屆。
隨著奧巴馬總統(tǒng)對中國采取了一系列貿(mào)易行動,中美之間的緊張關(guān)系不斷升溫。奧巴馬阻止一家中國民營企業(yè)在美國軍事基地附近建設(shè)風(fēng)電廠,而且在世界貿(mào)易組織(WTO)對中國的汽車及汽車零件補(bǔ)貼發(fā)起挑戰(zhàn)。
而他的競選對手共和黨總統(tǒng)候選人羅姆尼稱,如果當(dāng)選總統(tǒng),一上任他就會把中國定為匯率操作者。

奧巴馬最執(zhí)著的對手米特.羅姆尼認(rèn)為:“奧巴馬總統(tǒng)的政策已宣布失敗,我確信美國人已經(jīng)在過去兩年來領(lǐng)略了華盛頓領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人帶給他們的足夠教訓(xùn)。如果能選出一位有能力的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者,美國人的好日子就在前方。”
hwHesmc
Charter Equity Research的分析師Ed Snyder稱,國會的報(bào)告可能招致中方報(bào)復(fù),對象是在中國銷售產(chǎn)品的美國通信企業(yè),例如思科(Cisco System)、谷歌(Google)、高通(Qualcomm)和蘋果。但他表示,非科技領(lǐng)域的美國企業(yè)也可能受沖擊。
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本文下一頁:無需訴諸WTO
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• 諾基亞西門子欲取代華為,做無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備市場老二hwHesmc
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中國報(bào)復(fù)可能性不大
不過,北京一名獨(dú)立電信業(yè)顧問Sun Lin認(rèn)為思科等美國高科技企業(yè)遭報(bào)復(fù)威脅不大。
"我們必須明白,在科技層面上,中國不是對手。中國客戶希望得到頂尖水準(zhǔn)的產(chǎn)品。而在某些領(lǐng)域,他們只能從美國、歐洲或者日本那里才能得到這些產(chǎn)品。如果你把這個通道完全關(guān)閉,那么最終將是你自己的損失,"他說。思科和惠普在中國企業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備市場占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位,而不論是產(chǎn)品還是服務(wù),華為和中興在這些領(lǐng)域都處于落后。
Sun說,在政治回應(yīng)及中國企業(yè)利益之間,中國可能尋求折衷。"我相信我們不會看到中國采取激烈的報(bào)復(fù)舉動,"Sun表示。但他亦不排除中方可能對美國的制藥或農(nóng)業(yè)領(lǐng)域展開還擊。
香港 獨(dú)立經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家Enzio von Pfeil稱,中國比較可能會讓在中國做生意的美國企業(yè)"日子更難過一點(diǎn)",而非采取提升美國進(jìn)口商品關(guān)稅等直接行動。他并表示,"有可能會采取某種暗示性宣導(dǎo)(阻止中國人購買部分美國產(chǎn)品)。"
中國一家大型網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備經(jīng)銷商的高層也表示,不太可能突然轉(zhuǎn)而使用中國企業(yè)產(chǎn)品。該公司在其客戶的企業(yè)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中主要使用的是思科產(chǎn)品。
"思科進(jìn)入市場已很多年的時間,而且建立了良好的信譽(yù)。我認(rèn)為人們不會立即轉(zhuǎn)而使用別的產(chǎn)品,"該高層并稱,"美國大選結(jié)束后,事情可能就平靜下來了。"由于未獲授權(quán)向媒體發(fā)表講話,該高層要求匿名。
無需訴諸WTO
"這是一個政治問題,而非貿(mào)易問題,"北京對外經(jīng)濟(jì)貿(mào)易大學(xué)WTO專家屠新泉說。"兩國政府都面臨著國內(nèi)壓力。美國愈發(fā)重視來自中國的競爭,并試圖采取更多措施來降低中國企業(yè)競爭力,尤其是許多大企業(yè)都與政府有關(guān)系。但這些限制會適得其反,"他表示。
印度電信行業(yè)一名高級官員說,雖然政府將密切關(guān)注相關(guān)形勢,但企業(yè)仍會購買中國產(chǎn)品,主要是出于價格的考慮。不包括手機(jī)在內(nèi),華為在印度的營收達(dá)到約12億美元。
"對運(yùn)營商來說,購買中國產(chǎn)品最大的驅(qū)動力是價格和資金問題。在整個行業(yè)面臨流動性壓力的情況下,(不去購買中國設(shè)備)是一個很難的決定,"上述高官說。由于事情的敏感性,此高官要求匿名。
本文授權(quán)編譯自EE Times,版權(quán)所有,謝絕轉(zhuǎn)載
參考英文原文:U.S. warns telcos not to buy gear from Chinese firms,by Dylan McGrath
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• 中國本土工科畢業(yè)生為何青睞跨國大公司
• 諾基亞西門子欲取代華為,做無線網(wǎng)絡(luò)設(shè)備市場老二hwHesmc
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U.S. warns telcos not to buy gear from Chinese firms
Dylan McGrath
A Congressional committee Monday (Oct. 8) warned American operators not to buy equipment from China's leading telecom equipment makers, Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd. and ZTE Corp., citing potential risk to U.S. national security interests.
In a report, the House Intelligence Committee strongly encouraged U.S. telecom operators to seek other vendors for their projects.
"Based on available classified and unclassified information, Huawei and ZTE cannot be trusted to be free of foreign state influence and thus pose a security threat to the United States and to our systems," the report stated.
The committee began investigating the counterintelligence and security threat posed by Chinese telecommunications companies doing business in the U.S. in November 2011. According to the report, both Huawei and ZTE failed to provide sufficient evidence to alleviate the committee's concerns.
Other governments and organizations have previously expressed concerns about the potential security threat posed by Huawei and ZTE, the world's first and fifth largest suppliers of wireless communications infrastructure equipment, respectively. Both companies are suspected of having ties to the Chinese government, military and China's ruling communist party. The firms have been accused of designing communications equipment to allow unauthorized access by the Chinese government, a charge that has stoked fears over national security and the potential for corporate espionage.
The report recommended that the U.S. "view with suspicion the continued penetration of the U.S. telecommunications market by Chinese telecommunications companies." It further recommended that the U.S. block acquisitions, takeovers, or mergers involving Huawei and ZTE.
Both companies issued statements Monday criticizing the report's findings.
The committee's report was particularly critical of Huawei, saying that the investigation turned up evidence of bribery, copyright infringement, immigration violations and discriminatory practices by the firm. The committee said it would refer these allegations to the Justice Department for review and possible investigation.
Failure to penetrate U.S. market
According to market research firm IHS iSuppli, U.S. telecom operators were already wary of buying equipment from Huawei and ZTE because of the investigation and other scrutiny by the U.S. government. Despite their global sales growth, neither has been able to crack the U.S. market despite a decade of effort, IHS said.
"The U.S. government has blocked numerous contracts and acquisition deals between American companies and Chinese equipment makers, usually in an indirect manner," said Lee Ratliff, principal analyst for broadband & digital home research at IHS, in a statement.
Ratliff added that the committee's report could further hamper the ability of Huawei and ZTE to penetrate the U.S. market in the future.
Jagdish Rebello, director for consumer and communications at IHS, said the concern among U.S. lawmakers mostly centers on the transition to 4G wireless networks, which will bring an exponential increase in complexity.
"Because of this, many carriers are now contracting with networking OEMs to not only supply the equipment but also to partner with carriers to build the networks," Rebello said. "This makes the networking equipment makers, such as Huawei and ZTE, a critical part of the infrastructure deployments."
According to IHS, became the world’s largest supplier, of wireless communications infrastructure equipment during the first nine months of 2011, with sales of $8.9 billion and market share of 29 percent. ZTE ranked fifth in the world over the same period, with revenue of $2 billion and market share of 6 percent, IHS said.
Huawei is regarded as a price and technology leader, according to IHS. The company has won contracts with many European carriers for 4G deployment and network management and with many carriers in the emerging markets for 3G deployment, IHS said.
The U.S. Department of Defense previously highlighted Huawei’s links to the Chinese government in a 2008 report to Congress. Huawei’s efforts to buy its way into the U.S. market through acquisitions of 3COM and 2Wire were scuttled due to concerns of a U.S. government veto, according to IHS.
IHS said Huawei and ZTE reported in 2010 that the Indian government started blocking purchase orders placed with them based on similar security concerns.
責(zé)編:Quentin