美國(guó)聯(lián)邦調(diào)查局(FBI)日前展開(kāi)了針對(duì)中國(guó)電信設(shè)備巨頭中興通訊的刑事調(diào)查,因懷疑後者向伊朗出售違禁的美國(guó)電腦設(shè)備,并且事後還試圖加以掩蓋并妨礙美國(guó)商務(wù)部的調(diào)查。 美國(guó)眾議院情報(bào)委員會(huì)隨后致信華為和中興施壓，要求兩家公司披露內(nèi)部運(yùn)作資料，其中包括與中國(guó)政府、軍方及央行的往來(lái)，以及五家咨詢(xún)公司提供給他們的建議等資料。這五家公司包括IBM、埃森哲和普華永道等。 該委員會(huì)擔(dān)心，華為和中興的軟件或硬件設(shè)備可能含有後門(mén)，能讓他們侵入美國(guó)電信系統(tǒng)，或是破壞美國(guó)網(wǎng)絡(luò)，就像報(bào)導(dǎo)所稱(chēng)美國(guó)和以色列對(duì)伊朗鈾濃縮離心機(jī)發(fā)起的網(wǎng)絡(luò)攻擊那樣。 該委員會(huì)主席、共和黨人羅杰斯（Mike Rogers）和委員會(huì)高級(jí)成員、民 主黨人魯珀斯伯格（Dutch Ruppersberger）在致華為和中興高層的信中稱(chēng)，正調(diào)查“可能與中國(guó)政府有關(guān)的公司對(duì)我們的關(guān)鍵基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和反情報(bào)工作構(gòu)成的威脅”。 此外，他們還詢(xún)問(wèn)中興在伊朗的業(yè)務(wù)。以調(diào)查他們是否對(duì)美國(guó)電信業(yè)構(gòu)成安全威脅。中興通訊若確實(shí)違法將美國(guó)電腦設(shè)備出售給伊朗,據(jù)"美國(guó)制裁伊朗法令"得處以交易金額兩倍的民事罰款,罰金將達(dá)2.4億美元或更多。在美國(guó)的運(yùn)營(yíng)也將受到限制。 路透社引用了網(wǎng)站Smoking Gun的報(bào)道，稱(chēng)中興有一系列的產(chǎn)品包含在1.2億美元合同中，包括由微軟、惠普、甲骨文、思科和戴爾生產(chǎn)的軟硬件產(chǎn)品。根據(jù)美國(guó)出口限制，美國(guó)公司不允許向伊朗出售此類(lèi)設(shè)備。 Smoking Gun在其網(wǎng)站上公布了FBI一份機(jī)密證詞的部分內(nèi)容,該證詞基於5月與中興電訊旗下美國(guó)德州子公司總法律顧問(wèn)Ashley Kyle Yablon的面談.這些內(nèi)容顯示,Yablon告訴兩名FBI特工,中興通訊人員曾討論過(guò)粉碎文件、竄改裝箱單和否認(rèn)是真品,試圖破壞商務(wù)部對(duì)中興通訊向伊朗出售美國(guó)設(shè)備的調(diào)查。 根據(jù)上述證詞,商務(wù)部在路透報(bào)導(dǎo)後隔天對(duì)中興通訊發(fā)出傳票,索取伊朗合約及裝箱單。 目前無(wú)法取得Yablon對(duì)此事的評(píng)論.FBI達(dá)拉斯辦公室的發(fā)言人不愿置評(píng),位於華盛頓的司法部發(fā)言人也不評(píng)論。 華為駐華盛頓發(fā)言人普拉默（William Plummer）稱(chēng)：“我們打算作出回應(yīng)?！敝信d發(fā)言人David Dai Shu通過(guò)電郵稱(chēng)，中興致力於“保持透明、坦蕩和配合”。 記者聯(lián)系IBM、埃森哲和普華永道就他們向華為和中興提供建議一事置評(píng)，三家公司均未回應(yīng)。 美國(guó)司法部發(fā)言人周五拒絕對(duì)調(diào)查發(fā)表評(píng)論。致電美國(guó)商務(wù)部工業(yè)與安全局，即美國(guó)出口管制的實(shí)施部門(mén)也沒(méi)有回應(yīng)。該部門(mén)的網(wǎng)站上列出了數(shù)種針對(duì)非法出口技術(shù)至中國(guó)和伊朗的執(zhí)法措施。 委員會(huì)沒(méi)有回電話(huà)評(píng)價(jià)調(diào)查的進(jìn)展。 同時(shí)，歐盟針對(duì)華為和中興的調(diào)查集中于兩家公司的非法補(bǔ)貼。據(jù)說(shuō)由于反傾銷(xiāo)事件的關(guān)系，歐盟在證據(jù)收集方面進(jìn)展較慢。官員懷疑華為和中興正在使用非法政府補(bǔ)貼，在歐盟以低于成本價(jià)的價(jià)格向服務(wù)提供商出售產(chǎn)品和設(shè)備，以更低的價(jià)格壓倒競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手。 中國(guó)政府堅(jiān)稱(chēng)這兩家公司是清白的。上個(gè)月，中國(guó)稱(chēng)歐盟的說(shuō)法“站不住腳”；上周中國(guó)威脅歐盟的調(diào)查，稱(chēng)將啟動(dòng)針對(duì)歐盟國(guó)家在中國(guó)進(jìn)行商業(yè)活動(dòng)的調(diào)查。北京引用了歐盟給予歐洲農(nóng)業(yè)、汽車(chē)、可再生能源和電信公司的補(bǔ)貼費(fèi)。 互相調(diào)查的可能性顯示出經(jīng)濟(jì)、貿(mào)易和安全問(wèn)題已經(jīng)到了關(guān)鍵時(shí)候。美國(guó)和歐洲的看法是，中國(guó)的兩大電信廠商是政府補(bǔ)貼的大頭。國(guó)家安全的重要因素之一便是華為和中興的設(shè)備可能包含一些暗入口，會(huì)讓中國(guó)軍方竊取到美國(guó)和歐盟的通信。 本文授權(quán)編譯自EE Times，版權(quán)所有，謝絕轉(zhuǎn)載 本文下一頁(yè)：早有先例

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{pagination} 華為創(chuàng)始人和CEO任正非在1987年創(chuàng)立公司之前，是中國(guó)人民解放軍的一名工程師。 這兩家中國(guó)公司很清楚自己在西方越發(fā)嚴(yán)重的外界認(rèn)知問(wèn)題——既是政治也是營(yíng)銷(xiāo)問(wèn)題——因?yàn)閮杉夜径济嫦蛉蚴袌?chǎng)。華為這周雇傭了美國(guó)軍方合同商CSC的前網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全戰(zhàn)略家Donald Andy Prudy作為其首席安全官。根據(jù)《華盛頓郵報(bào)》，近年來(lái)，華為為改變其形象下了很大功夫，包括在華盛頓雇傭說(shuō)客、顧問(wèn)和公關(guān)公司。 根據(jù)Gartner的研究，中興是中國(guó)第二大電信設(shè)備廠商，占全球移動(dòng)設(shè)備銷(xiāo)售(單位：臺(tái))份額4.2%，排名全球第四，僅次于三星、諾基亞和蘋(píng)果。 和私有且傳統(tǒng)上更多專(zhuān)注于中國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)市場(chǎng)的華為不同，中興是一家上市公司，在海外市場(chǎng)培養(yǎng)方面更有野心。然而近幾年，華為和中興在全球市場(chǎng)上的曝光都迅速增多。 懲罰前例 違法出口行為"被視為美國(guó)政策的優(yōu)先事項(xiàng),因此相關(guān)機(jī)構(gòu)的執(zhí)法權(quán)力已獲得加強(qiáng)。他們正在檢查及處理更多案件,"一名企業(yè)諮詢(xún)律師Edward Rubinoff稱(chēng)。 這些有爭(zhēng)議的交易活動(dòng)通常不是武器,而是和平用途的產(chǎn)品.在3月及4月,在未獲美國(guó)同意下,中興通訊已經(jīng)簽下合約,向一家伊朗電信系統(tǒng)商交運(yùn)價(jià)值數(shù)以百萬(wàn)美元計(jì)的硬件及軟件。 在此之前,已有多家企業(yè)及個(gè)人面臨懲罰。 荷蘭ING上個(gè)月同意支付6.19億美元,因?yàn)镮NG被控違反美國(guó)對(duì)伊朗及古巴的制裁措施,隱瞞在美國(guó)金融系統(tǒng)的逾20,000筆交易。每一筆交易都算是一次違法行為,提高了公司所面臨的懲罰規(guī)模。 Allied Telesis Labs Inc的案子與中興通訊有一些類(lèi)似。美國(guó)政府2008年指控這家公司企圖避開(kāi)制裁措施,取得伊朗一筆9,500萬(wàn)美元電信合約。這家公司在聯(lián)邦法院認(rèn)罪,支付一筆50萬(wàn)美元刑事罰鍰,遭判處兩年緩刑。 美國(guó)政府要對(duì)外國(guó)公司行使司法權(quán)可能有困難,但相關(guān)當(dāng)局仍有一些施力點(diǎn)。 如果對(duì)企業(yè)人員發(fā)出逮捕令,將使當(dāng)事人無(wú)法前往美國(guó)或其他可能有遭引渡風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的國(guó)家。 如果一家外國(guó)公司的美國(guó)部門(mén)遭到起訴,則這個(gè)部門(mén)的業(yè)務(wù)將受限或結(jié)束。 或許更重要的是,遭到鎖定的企業(yè)可能被列入某個(gè)黑名單,而使得這家企業(yè)與美國(guó)作生意的能力嚴(yán)重受限。舉例來(lái)說(shuō),所有被列入"特別指定國(guó)民名單"者就完全遭到封鎖。 "美國(guó)企業(yè)不會(huì)和你作生意。美國(guó)的銀行不會(huì)和你往來(lái),"華盛頓貿(mào)易法律師Eric McClafferty指出."這就是政府機(jī)關(guān)用來(lái)迫使非美國(guó)企業(yè)支付美國(guó)民事罰款的工具。" 本文授權(quán)編譯自EE Times，版權(quán)所有，謝絕轉(zhuǎn)載 本文下一頁(yè)：參考英文原文：Investigators zeroing in on China’s ZTE, Huawei,by George Leopold, Junko Yoshida

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• 2012年華為中興聯(lián)想與酷派智能機(jī)出貨均將破千萬(wàn)
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• ‘公寓房’到‘高檔小區(qū)’，中興、華為積極布局高階智能手機(jī)市場(chǎng)Q5Pesmc

{pagination} Investigators zeroing in on China’s ZTE, Huawei George Leopold, Junko Yoshida NEW YORK – With multiple investigations already underway in the U.S. and Europe targeting illegal sales to Iran by Chinese telecom giants ZTE and Huawei, reports surfaced in Friday (July 13) that the FBI is now probing whether ZTE sold U.S. computer equipment to Iran in violation of U.S. trade sanctions. Citing a report on the Web site Smoking Gun, Reuters reported that a list of ZTE gear that was part of a $120 million contract included hardware and software made by Microsoft, HP, Oracle, Cisco, and Dell. The U.S. companies are not allowed to sell gear to Iran under U.S. export restrictions. A Justice Department spokesman declined Friday to comment on the probe. Calls to the Commerce Department’s Bureau of Industry and Security, which enforces U.S. export controls, were not returned. The agency’s Web site lists several enforcement actions related to illegal technology exports to both China and Iran. Separately, the House Intelligence Committee has been investigating possible threats posed to U.S. national security by ZTE and Huawei. Lawmakers are concerned that the Chinese government could access Huawei or ZTE telecom equipment and track phone calls and e-mails or hack U.S. networks and disrupt a communications. Among the subjects being considered in the congressional probe are questions about work the two Chinese companies have done in Iran and their funding arrangements with the Chinese government. The committee did not return phone calls for comment on the status of the probes. Meanwhile, European Union investigations into Huawei and ZTE are largely focused on illegal government subsidies to the companies. The EU is said to be slowly gathering evidence regarding an anti-dumping case. Officials suspect Huawei and ZTE are using illegal government subsidies to sell products in the EU below cost in a bid to trump competitors by charging lower prices for equipment being marketed to service providers. China, however, has maintained that the companies are innocent. Last month, Beijing called the EU's claims "groundless." Earlier this week, China threatened to retaliate for the EU probes by launching its own investigation into the business dealings of EU countries in China. Beijing cited EU’s subsidies given to European agriculture, automotive, renewable energy and telecoms companies. The possibility of dueling trade probes underscores a combination of economic, trade and security issues that are coming to a head. The view here and in Europe is that China’s telecom gear vendors are making the most of government subsidies. The key national security concern is that equipment from Huawei and ZTE might contain trap doors that would allow the Chinese military to spy on U.S. and European communications. Huawei’s founder and CEO, Ren Zhengfei, was an engineer in the People’s Liberation Army before setting up the company in 1987. Both Chinese companies appear to be well aware of the growing perception problems they face in the West– both political and marketing -- as they target global markets. Huawei said this week it had hired Donald “Andy” Purdy, former chief cyber security strategist at U.S. military contractor CSC, as its chief security officer. According to the Washington Post, Huawei in recent years “has mounted an aggressive effort to change its image. It has hired lobbyists, consultants and a public relations firm in Washington.” ZTE, China’s second largest telecom equipment vendor, holds a 4.2 percent global market share in the worldwide mobile device sales (in units) to end users, and is ranked in the first quarter as the number four – after Samsung, Nokia and Apple , according to Gartner. Compared to Huawei – privately held and traditionally more focused on China’s domestic market, ZTE is publicly traded and it has been more aggressive in cultivating business abroad. In recent years, however, both Huawei and ZTE have been rapidly growing their presence in the global market.